Mikrobiolohichny zhurnal (Kiev, Ukraine: 1993) Serge Voychuk. Joubert V, Bourthoumieu S, Leveque P, Yardin C. Apoptosis is induced by radiofrequency fields through the caspase-independent mitochondrial pathway in cortical neurons. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. After exposure, the levels of 2 waves in the hypothalamus increased more than those in the cortex, leading to a significant reduction in the deviation of the two EGGs. Microwaves are widely used in broadcasting, communications and many industrial fields. 2007;34:146779. However, it concurrently also declared that the carcinogenic potential of mobile communications equipment was limited to glioma [4]. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. However, a recent report [3] published by the Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) noted that discussions about the thermal and non-thermal effects are misleading. Acta Neurol Belg.
Mobile Effects on Human Body - slideshare.net [49] found that microwave radiation enhanced brain wave energy, decreased brain wave frequency, and increased the amplitude and power of delta frequency bands, indicating a decrease in learning ability [50,51,52,53]. 2013;34:26474. Abnormality of synaptic vesicular associated proteins in cerebral cortex and hippocampus after microwave exposure. Effect of mobile radiation on health ppt . Finally, Hardell et al. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Appl Biochem Biotechnol. Megha K, Deshmukh PS, Banerjee BD, Tripathi AK, Ahmed R, Abegaonkar MP. Pathophysiology. A resting eyes-closed electroencephalogram was used to continuously record the results, which showed that there was an increase in the power of the , 1 and 2 frequency bands in the 0.303W/kg group and in the 2 frequency bands in the 0.003W/kg group. [97] found that long-term exposure to 900MHz radiation decreased the level of rno-miR107and that the whole body (rms) SAR value was 0.0369W/kg, bridging the gap in the interaction between radio frequency radiation (FR) and miRNAs. Article The effects of microwave radiation on protein synthesis in brain remain undetermined. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. Wang et al. Bioelectromagnetics. Annu Rev Physiol. 2015;140:23646. 1984;11:4760. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. 2012;31:6774. Xiong et al. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. Statistically significant changes were detected in the EEG- bands of six individuals and in the 1 and 2 bands of four subjects in the higher SAR group. 2013;34:58998. The Morris water maze has been widely used in neurobehavioral tests [36]. Naser D, Shahram T. Adverse health effects of occupational exposure to radiofrequency radiation in airport surveillance radar operators. Behav Brain Res. Cordless phone in power levels very high and microwave frequency level also high. Additionally, people exposed to military microwave sources were more vulnerable to brain tumors. 2012;35:32534. 2005;161:52635. Furthermore, the expression of postsynaptic density 95 (PSD-95) in cultured neurons was decreased. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. The results of EEG and analyses of the structure of the brain after radiation have also confirmed the influence of microwaves. [16] investigated workers who worked at a television transmitter station with a frequency ranging between 202 and 209MHz, 694701MHz, 750757MHz, or 774781MHz and at a medium-wave broadcasting station. Military Med Res 4, 29 (2017). ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one. 2008;29:52738. Xu et al. These conclusions are presented in Table2. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. However,. Each of these effects are also caused by exposures to other microwave frequency EMFs, with Int J Hyg Environ Health. Int J Radiat Biol. radiations. Synapse. 2008;86:718. 2005;25:10190201. Front Neurosci. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. It has been suggested that there is an increased risk of glioma at the highest exposure levels, but biases and errors prevent causal interpretations of these data. Many intricate electrical activities occur in the central nervous system, including learning and memory, which are therefore vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation. Article Toxicol Sci. Joubert et al. [65] irradiated Wistar rats with 10, 30 and 50mW/cm2 microwaves, and the results showed that in the cerebral cortex, only glycine (Gly) and asparagine (Asp) levels were increased. Therefore, their reproducibility and comparability are poor. 2015;36:4804. Othman H, Ammari M, Rtibi K, Bensaid N, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Postnatal development and behavior effects of in-utero exposure of rats to radiofrequency waves emitted from conventional WiFi devices. In addition, glucose is also related to cognitive functions, and reductions in the metabolism and uptake of glucose have been observed in local regions of the brain in Alzheimers patients [107, 108]. Zhao et al. Arch Environ Health. Neurosci Lett. Neuroscience. Describes the health effects on six men exposed to high levels of RF radiation (100 MHz) while working on transmission masts. Sanders AP, Joines WT. PLoS One. [40] also repeated the experiment only and found that radial-arm maze performance in rats remained unchanged. 2012;62:22336. 2006;98:170713. 2014;8:63. It is noteworthy that most of the above mentioned studies were based on the theory that the effects caused by microwaves are non-thermal. Neurobiol Learn Mem.
Microwave Hazards | PDF | Microwave | Electromagnetic Radiation - Scribd 2014;70:84555. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-017-0139-0, Dysfunction of learning and memory abilities, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. Clinics. Gibson GE, Jope R, Blass J. Electromagn Biol Med. An increase in anxiety-related behaviors and a decrease in depression-related behavior were observed in both female and male offspring. 1984;5:6370. Handheld cellular telephone use and risk of brain cancer. Microwave irradiation affects radial-arm maze performance in the rat.
How a Microwave effects the human body? by jesse aarons - Prezi Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Brain Res Rev. Identification of a novel rat nr2b subunit gene promoter region variant and its association with microwave-induced neuron impairment. Article Thus, Cosquer et al. The effects of hyperthermia and hyperthermia plus microwaves on rat brain energy metabolism. Mack et al. 2002;5:18995. The transduction of a nerve impulse and the postsynaptic potential produced by it result in synaptic transmission. At present, due to a general consensus that the most significant parameter for . Calabr E, Magaz S. Inspections of mobile phone microwaves effects on proteins secondary structure by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. In the cell experiments, the T allele was significantly more vulnerable to microwaves than the C allele with regard to its transcription factor binding ability and the transcriptional activity and mRNA and protein expression of NR2B. Thus, in the early developmental stage, chronic exposure to 2.4W/kg GSM microwaves may influence dendritic development and the formation of excitatory synapses in cultures of hippocampal neurons. Effect of microwave electromagnetic fields on activity of energy metabolism cytochrome oxidase in cerebral cortical neurons of postnatal rats. To investigate the effects of 2.4GHz Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration in rats, a cross-modal visual-tactile object recognition (CMOR) task was performed by four variations of the spontaneous object recognition (SOR) test including the standard SOR, tactile SOR, visual SOR, and CMOR tests. Exposure to microwaves and silencing p-synapsin I reduced the release of GABA, and maximum reduction was achieved when both were combined, indicating a synergistic effect. Shahin S, Banerjee S, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. However, most studies have not supported the conclusion that cell phones cause brain tumors [8,9,10,11,12]. Exp Neurobiol. Cookies policy. Google Scholar. In the group treated with 0.8W/kg, there was no significant change. The authors declare that they have no competing interests. 2003;41:26887. Above all, because of biases and variations in investigation methods, no conclusive evidence has been presented that microwaves cause cancer. 2013;17:711. Military Medical Research In summary, there is evidence that microwave radiation can lead to alterations in protein synthesis or protein modifications; however, the results are controversial. Brain proteome response following whole body exposure of mice to mobile phone or wireless DECT base radiation. Repeated Wi-Fi studies show that Wi-Fi causes oxidative stress, sperm/testicular damage, neuropsychiatric effects including EEG changes, apoptosis, cellular DNA damage, endocrine changes, and calcium overload. 1 GHz and 300 GHz. To investigate whether exposure of rat brains to GMS microwaves induced DNA breaks and changes in gene expression, Belyaev et al. Defective actin dynamics in dendritic spines: cause or consequence of age-induced cognitive decline? Those who are accustomed to using their mobile phone ipsilaterally presented a probability that was twice that of people who dont [5,6,7]. Cancer Res. 2009;72:20514. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. millimeter, or equivalently. PubMed Zhang Y, Li Z, Gao Y. 2015;91:42634. Merola P, Marino C, Lovisolo G, Pinto R, Laconi C, Negroni A. JAMA. eliminating microwave and RF sources. 2009;64:2314. Morris R. Developments of a water-maze procedure for studying spatial learning in the rat. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. GSM mobile phone radiation suppresses brain glucose metabolism. The direct cause of the observed neuronal damage may have been apoptosis induced by the microwave radiation, and an indirect cause may have been an increase in permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which would allow the traversal of toxic substances that could cause damage. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Rev Environ Health. They found that escape times were substantially decreased when the animals were trained while exposed to the phone. 2011;174:211.
PDF What effects do mobile phones have on people's health? Baer C, Claus R, Plass C. Genome-wide epigenetic regulation of miRNAs in cancer. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. Curr Opin Neurobiol. Ning W, Chiang H, Yang W. Effects of GSM 1800 MHz on dendritic development of cultured hippocampal neurons. J Natl Cancer Inst. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2011;31:2293301. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. By using this website, you agree to our Othman H, Ammari M, Sakly M, Abdelmelek H. Effects of prenatal exposure to WIFI signal (2.45 GHz) on postnatal development and behavior in rat: influence of maternal restraint. Synaptic vesicles form in different parts of neurons and contain high concentrations of substances that are transferred from the neuron. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. MicroRNAs: novel mechanism involved in the pathogenesis of microwave exposure on rats hippocampus. Int J Occup Environ Health. J Environ Health. Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip. Standard devices used by military personnel that may pose electromagnetic hazards include radars and missile systems. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. [63] exposed rat hippocampal neurons to microwaves (SAR values of 0.8W/kg and 2.4W/kg at an average power density of 1800MHz/d) and observed the formation of dendritic filopodial and dendritic branches and the maturation of dendritic spines in neurons from day 6 to 14. 2010;473:525. The rats in the study showed increases in spatial memory and glucose transporters, and this phenomenon indicated a corresponding increase in glucose uptake. Mil Med Sci. For example, it can shorten reaction times so that people can better cope with danger. 1 Microwave radiation may also lead to skin cancer/health problems when we are within the radius of a cell phone tower in a certain specified limited distance. [92] found that 900MHz microwave radiation emitted by mobile phones increased protein carbonyl levels in the brains of rats, suggesting that 900MHz microwave radiation can alter some biomolecules such as proteins.
(PDF) Electromagnetic Radiation and Human Health. 2015;91:30611. Muscat JE, Malkin MG, Thompson S, Shore RE, Stellman SD, McRee D, et al. Cull-Candy SG, Leszkiewicz DN. It influences both learning and memory in rats [67]. Google Scholar. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Hippocampal acetylcholine release during memory testing in rats: augmentation by glucose. Neuroreport. 2017;38:106976. frequency range from 1GHz to 10^6 GHz. The fields had an average power density of 0, 5, 10 or 50mW/cm2. Google Scholar. J Natl Cancer Inst. Koch C, Zador A. The levels of NMDA receptor subunits were increased 1 month after irradiation. [103] found that microwave radiation caused DNA single-strand and double-strand breaks in vivo in populations submitted to occupational exposure, and the incidence of micronuclei in lymphocytes was significantly increased. Yale J Biol Med. Based on this background, in this review, we first summarized the effects of microwave radiation on the central nervous system, including the epidemiology, morphology, electroencephalograms, learning and memory abilities and mechanisms of underlying brain dysfunction from the perspective of synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Oxidative stress refers to an imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in vivo and is characterized by a biochemical state that tends toward oxidization, including the formation of oxygen free radicals (i.e., ROS) and nitrogen radicals reactive nitrogen species (RNS), which play major roles in oxidation. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Johansen C, Boice JD, McLaughlin JK, Olsen JH. PubMed Mol Brain Res. 1992;114:16202. BMJ. To investigate the effects of microwaves radiation on apoptotic activity, cell viability, and cell cycle progression, which can provide information about microwaves radiation effects on neural cells over the period from embryonic stages to infants. Mobile phone use facilitates memory in male, but not female, subjects. The final apoptosis score in the exposed group was significantly reduced, and the total antioxidant capacity and catalysis observed in the experimental group was increased. Article 2001;93:2037. Biomed Environ Sci. Previous studies have produced a large amount of information, and some progress has been made in theory, but the mechanisms have not yet been fully determined, and many points are still disputed. Microwave frequencies for which the wavelengths are the same order of magnitude as the dimensions of human body produce close coupling between the body and the microwave field. In a study investigating the influence of low-frequency microwave (450MHz) radiation on EEG, Hinrikus et al. Frei P, Poulsen AH, Johansen C, Olsen JH, Steding-Jessen M, Schz J. PubMedGoogle Scholar.
The biological effects of radio waves on human body tissues - ResearchGate The authors predicted the differential expression of genes associated with transcription, translation and receptor functions (in addition to brain-related and signaling pathway-related) using the iRDB, miRbase and miRanda databases. 2015;56:2618. Low intensity microwave radiation induced oxidative stress, inflammatory response and DNA damage in rat brain. Google Scholar. The microwave energy can be changed to warm up the food because this energy is absorbed by food & it does not prepare food contaminated or radioactive. Chronic nonmodulated microwave radiations in mice produce anxiety-like and depression-like behaviours and calcium- and NO-related biochemical changes in the brain. 2012;3:3440. Melatonin and serotonin levels were estimated, which play important roles in the nervous system. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. The results showed that in normal EEGs, the (3.26.0Hz) and 2 (17.830.5Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the cortex, while the (6.017.8Hz) waves were mainly concentrated in the hypothalamus. CAS Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. Trends Cell Biol. Thus, these results suggest that the 2.4W/kg GSM 1800MHz microwaves may reduce excitatory synaptic activity and the number of excitatory synapses in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. [15] assessed the use of mobile and cordless phones in 347 cases of melanoma in the head and neck region and 1184 controls and found no increased risk. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Motawi TK, Darwish HA, Moustafa YM, Labib MM. 2004;25:4957. Abe M, Bonini NM. Alterations of cognitive function and 5-HT system in rats after long term microwave exposure. However, with its popularization, increasing attention has been paid to its influence on humans. Li M, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou Z, Yu Z. Elevation of plasma corticosterone levels and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptor translocation in rats: a potential mechanism for cognition impairment following chronic low-power-density microwave exposure. However, these effects were not observed in radial arm maze tests. 2005;1042:1018. : a biochemical study on mouse brain. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. [38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Richter et al. Article 2004;115:1490505. Instead, the effects of exposure of hu-mans and other life forms must be deter-mined and used to set realistic permissi-ble exposure limits. Khurana VG, Teo C, Kundi M, Hardell L, Carlberg M. Cell phones and brain tumors: a review including the long-term epidemiologic data. J Neurosci. More data are available regarding opinions on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields [3]. 2003;80:194210. In epidemiology, there is no conclusive evidence showing that microwaves have carcinogenic effects. 2006;27:295306. J Clin Oncol. Positive results were obtained in Morris water maze tests that demonstrated that microwaves influenced learning and memory in rats. This phenomenon may be explained by the varied radiation dosage adopted in these studies. Iran J Public Health. The article's subject is the investigation of electromagnetic fields (EMF) of the microwave frequency band in a typical human living environment, especially in shielded areas. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated.
Here's What Would Happen If Your Body Was Microwaved - Grunge.com Radiofrequency and Microwave Radiation - Overview | Occupational Safety Srinivasan R. Anatomical constraints on source models for high-resolution EEG and MEG derived from MRI. Brain tumour risk in relation to mobile telephone use: results of the INTERPHONE international case-control study. Motawi et al. Perentos A, Cuesta-Soto F, Canciamilla A, Vidal B, Pierno L, Losilla NS, et al. Chin J Indus Hyg. Mosconi L, Tsui WH, Rusinek H, De Santi S, Li Y, Wang GJ, et al. CAS After 28days, the levels of Glu and Tau in the hippocampus and cerebrospinal fluid were lower, indicating that the cognitive damage induced by microwave radiation is associated with a decrease in Glu [66, 67]. Cancer in radar technicians exposed to radiofrequency/microwave radiation: sentinel episodes. Effects of isothermal 2.45 GHz microwave radiation on the mammalian cell Ci ihff fihl2MHdifdi i Bi l h. C Spr '05 Inan, OT Thermal effects of RF he above diagram depicts the electric field alternations, at a frequency f, of the 2009;158:12639. their effects on the human body are vastly different: - Non-ionizing Radiation Frequency range: 0.1 - 1013 Hz . 2013;32:27380. Repeated exposure to low-level extremely low frequency-modulated microwaves affects cortex-hypothalamus interplay in freely moving rats: EEG study. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. [80] found that irradiation with 900MHz, 2W/kg continuous microwaves for 24h induced an increase in rat neuronal apoptosis. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Frequency Fields (RF) and Microwave Radiation on human health" by the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment (CSTEE) from 2001, with respect . Kumar M, Singh SP, Chaturvedi CM. Caubet R, Pedarros-Caubet F, Chu M, Freye E, de Belem RM, Moreau J, et al. [99] used a microarray and quantitative real-time PCR to analyze the miRNA expression profile in the hippocampus on days 7 and 14 after irradiation with a microwave at 30mW/cm2. 1994;15:95104. Interphone study group. Neurol Sci. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. PubMed Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. Wang et al. [39] exposed rats to microwaves (500 pps, pulse width=2s, and average whole body-specific absorption rate (SAR)=0.6W/kg) for an exposure duration of 45min, and a significant decline was observed in the rats performance, indicating that microwave radiation influenced their working memory. Then that poisonous acid harms the kidneys and nervous system. The thermal effects of exposure to RF and microwave radiation are well established and fairly well understood. Each Wi-Fi exposure and restraint occurred for 2h/d during gestation until parturition. Human SH-SY5YNB cells were exposed to 2.1GHz W-CDMA modulated microwave radiation for 24h at a specific absorption rate of 0.491W/kg. Radiofrequency (RF) and microwave (MW) radiation are electromagnetic radiation in the frequency ranges 3 kilohertz (kHz) - 300 Megahertz (MHz), and 300 MHz - 300 gigahertz (GHz), respectively. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . Chandrasekaran K, Hatanp K, Rapoport SI, Brady DR. Resulting Effects on the Human Body. Scientific, technical publications in the nuclear field | IAEA Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system.
Do Microwaves Affect Your Health? The Impact of Microwave Radiation - WebMD Biological Effects of Microwave Radiation - tandfonline.com 2017;52:23947. Gage FH, Kelly P, Bjorklund A. 2006;27:16471. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. World J Biol Chem. Many studies have been made on the biological effects of microwave radiation. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. MicroRNAs and neurodegeneration: role and impact. This is a Health Evidence Network (HEN) synthesis report assessing the clinical effects of daily exposure to mobile phones in general populations. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. Using a ring resonator notch filter for optical carrier reduction and modulation depth enhancement in radio-over-fiber links. However, Li et al. In communications, the microwaves come from mobile phones and their base stations and microwave links, in addition to cordless phones, terrestrial trunked radios, blue tooth devices, wireless local area networks and many other applications. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. Privacy Wang LF, Tian DW, Li HJ, Gao YB, Wang CZ, Zhao L, et al. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. 2000;11:4135. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. More than 50% of miRNAs are found in cancer-associated regions of the genome or in fragile sites, suggesting that miRNAs also play important roles in the pathogenesis of neoplasias [96]. The acute effects of exposure to the electromagnetic field emitted by mobile phones on human attention. Human short-term exposure to electromagnetic fields emitted by mobile phones decreases computer-assisted visual reaction time. Qiao S, Peng R, Yan H, Gao Y, Wang C, Wang S, et al. Sci Total Environ. 2010;39:67594. Google Scholar. Studies have extensively explored the underlying mechanisms by which microwaves influence learning and memory functions, especially synaptic structures and functions, oxidative stress and apoptosis, protein synthesis, genes and individual susceptibility and energy metabolism. Bioelectromagnetics. Ellis CE, Murphy EJ, Mitchell DC, Golovko MY, Scaglia F, Barcel-Coblijn GC, et al. Cobb BL, Jauchem JR, Adair ER. Johnson OL, Ouimet CC. Fragopoulou AF, Samara A, Antonelou MH, Xanthopoulou A, Papadopoulou A, Vougas K, et al. Since mobile phones are used in positions very close to the human body and require a large It has been proposed that by enhancing the functions of acetylcholine, glucose can increase the concentration of free calcium ions in the synapse to reverse microwave-induced damage to learning and memory. MicroRNAs in neuronal function and dysfunction. Bioelectromagnetics. Sleep EEG alterations: effects of pulsed magnetic fields versus pulse-modulated radio frequency electromagnetic fields. Bioelectromagnetics. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Xu et al. Ann N Y Acad Sci. Dasdag S, Akdag MZ, Kizil G, Kizil M, Cakir DU, Yokus B. In 35% of cases, soldiers work in intermediate and hazardous zones and in 22%only in the intermediate zone. Microwave radiation can induce oxidative and nitrosative stress, which lead to hippocampal neuronal and non-neuronal apoptosis via the oxidative damage of cellular constituents (i.e., nucleic acids, proteins and lipids) and subsequent over expression of p53, which up-regulates Bax and down-regulates pro-caspase-3 and full-length/uncleaved poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) 1, eventually inducing neuronal degeneration via apoptosis [76]. J Neurosci Methods. All of the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Preece A, Iwi G, Davies-Smith A, Wesnes K, Butler S, Lim E, et al. Wang et al. Damage to learning abilities and reduction of glucose utilization in the limbic system of adult rats are closely linked [109].
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