Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. The Ekpe Masquerade Jun. After the tapping process, the wine is left to ferment for five hours. The cult members are usually violent and self-destructive to the point of committing suicide. According to E.U. [33] Abasi was angered by the Uruan woman and cursed the Uruan people who started to punish her for her insubordination. [15] Ekereke and Ekereke further assert that the word was later changed to "Efik". Aye dates the arrival of the Efik in Creek Town to the fourteenth century. The group believes that when they eat human flesh, they gain the ability to transform into a crocodile. [37] When the Efik realised what was going on, they rose to their feet and fought back. Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. English language is spoken in the South-Western part of Cameroon. [40] When the threads are cut, the nsibidi designs stand out, white against a deep blue background. Efik populations are found in the following regions: Secret societies aided in the maintaining of law and order at Old Calabar. through the Illuminati Iwas able to become rich, and have many industry on myown and become famous and popular in my country , todayme and my family is living happily and I am the mosthappiest man here is the opportunity for you to join theIlluminati and become rich and famous in life and be likeother people and you life we be change totally.If you areinterested in joining the great brotherhood Illuminati.thencontact him +2348106618681 or for more information +1(705)8062021 email:illuminatibrotherpowerful@gmail.com or you need my assistance email:danjerry04@gmail.com Shame to the Manyu people and great men o Manyu, that you as enlightened as I know will willfully distort a tradition that back dates as long as 400 to 800hundred. [50] Okoho Efiom bore twins whose paternal parentage have often been debated. The earliest accounts are narrated in the second half of the 19th century by Explorers and missionaries. Residents in Ekpe villages often go to the group to help them seek justice when theyve been wronged. Photo by Eli Bentor. Among these cuisines include Ekpang nkukwo, Edikang Ikong, Afia efere, Anyan Ekpang, Afang soup and several others. That is why Sisiku Ojong Orock after consultation with the other Ekpe members and Sisiku Mfonten Mbu decided to acquire his own Nkanda Lodge in April 2003. Copyright Dr. Ivor L. Miller. Oge ruru ka laja nyefee lasha r ya ma gaa rwa r e nyere ya ebe z. In such cases, the Ekpe Society is seen as the . I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. Original African systems of recording information in symbols include the Nsibidi script, of the Ekpe society of the Ejagham of Cameroon and Nigeria. The Sunjata Epic is usually understood to tell the story of: the rise and fall of the seven Nubian (Kushite) kings. [43] Stephen D. Behrendt and Eric J. Graham revealed in a 2003 publication that by the time the first documented European sailing vessel arrived in 1625, the Efik had already settled at Creek Town and Old Town. It proved to be the source of supreme authority in all Efik towns, and its institutions provided, in the past, the highest court whose verdicts transcended all else. part of the Balondos or Orokos in Ndian in Southern Cameroon) and Idombi (ie present town, called Bamusso in Ndian-Southern . [49] Prior to the arrival of the Efiom Ekpo group, oral tradition has it that when some Efik migrated to Creek town from Ndodoghi, The Enwang did not join them but migrated to the present site of Duke town. There are two distinct but related societies. Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College. [72] LEFT Ekpe cage during Ikot Ekpe ritual in 2009. To cast light on African perspectives, and on the point of view of enslaved men and women, this group of top Africanist scholars has examined both conventional historical sources (e.g., European. In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. The story of The River Between by Ngugi wa Thiong'o, takes place in _________________ (name of present-day country) in the mid 1800's. The indigenous drums of the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon are distinctive for their "wedge and ring" method of tightening the skin. Nigeria and Cameroon (Lebialem and Manyu), Ekpe Society Resolutions from meeting held on September 16th 2011 in DC, Auto-Biography of Sisiku Emmanuel Ojong-Orock, Leader of Cameroonian Ekpe Lodge in Metropolitan DC. James Beale Horton made a similar assertion in 1868 where he asserted that all the communities of the Niger-delta are traced to the Igbo. Barbot documents that between 1698 and 1699, payments for provisions were made at Calabar to the following chiefs; Duke Aphrom, King Robin, Mettinon, King Ebrero, King John, King Oyo, William King Agbisherea, Robin King Agbisherea, and Old King Robin. [57] The diary of Antera Duke, an Efik, is the only surviving record from an African slave-trading house. [68] The society is believed to have been introduced in Calabar from Usahadet. Photo by Eli Bentor. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. kp philosophy is grounded in "Cross River region concepts of community that include the living, the ancestors, and the land itself" [ Ekpe being] "a school for esoteric teachings [ revealing] ideal stages in a person's life [ in their growth to] maturity within their communities [ framing terrestrial experience within the context of the Abaku is an Afro-Cuban men's initiatory fraternity, or secret society, which originated from the Ekpe society in the Cross River region of southeastern Nigeria and southwestern Cameroon. Sunjata's victory against Sumaworo comes in part because: Sumaworo loses the support of his nephew, Fakoli. Updates? [66] [32] Aye argues that the Efik could not have taken the royal emblem of the Uruan people as they would have already had their own royal emblem. One of the most important castes in this society is the jeli caste. The Ekale and their famous shaking shoulders performing at the "Under the Volcano Festival", Limbe Cameroon. In Amos Tutuola's The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator leaves his home and begins his adventure in the bush when: In the excerpt that we read from The Palm-Wine Drinkard, the narrator and his wife encounter: In the Song of Lawino, by Okot p'Bitek, a woman speaks to: Lawino's husband's new wife is called _______________________(Either of two possible answers) in the text. [44] Read More mask Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the Her behavior at the board meeting was obsequious\mathit{obsequious}obsequious; for example, she actually offered to wash the company president's car! Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. It is also found among a number of other ethnic groups, including the Bahumono of the Cross River State, the Ibibio, the Uruan and the Oron of Akwa Ibom State, Arochukwu and some other parts of Abia State, as well as in the diaspora, such as in Cuba and Brazil. The ekpo masquerade, occurring to the south and east of Benin, is performed by the warrior age group in ceremonies to purify the village ritually and to maintain health. Their king on the eastern Calabar coast was known as Ating Anua Efiom. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. In Cuba, the Ekoi are always evoked as early founders of the Abaku society,18 and their spirits are worshiped. Ethnographic - (Head crest, Ejagham People): Worn by a member of the Ekpe Society to intimidate and punish anyone who has broken tribal law. The ekpe society has spawned a large number of Nsbd . [27] A number of reasons have been given on why the Efik left Uruan. All willing to engage respectfully are welcome. At its peak, it permeated the social, economic and political life of the Efiks but lately its dominance has been eroded as urbanization and modern political administration expanded. One of such accounts was given at a court case by Prince Bassey Duke in 1917 where he stated, "The Efiks were originally Ibo descendants. We bring you daily editor picks from the best Business Insider news content so you can stay updated on the latest topics and conversations on the African market, leaders, careers and lifestyle. The Efik speak the Efik language which is a member of the BenueCongo subfamily of the Niger-Congo language group. Several accounts have been narrated on the migration of the Efik before their arrival at Old Calabar. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. Nsibidi is a body of ideographic, abstract, and gestural signs deployed by the Ekpe society as a form of coded communication. Members of the Ekpe society are said to act as messengers of the ancestors ( ikan ). the exhibition explores the long- Ivor Miller: The voice of the leopard is the main symbol of the Ekpe society of the Cross River region ofNigeria and Cameroon, which was re-created in colonial Cuba as the Abaku society. [52] On the death of Chief Willy Tom Robins, a number of rituals were performed. The symbols are arranged in a grid, giving the cloths an orderly, symmetrical quality that is often reinforced by repeated patterns. Hood Quarterly, spring 2015 This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. Imhotep was a revered personality as he was believed to be with super powers of healing and influencing people and affairs of the community. The ethnic group to which most of the characters belong is the __________________people. During weddings, the bride wears at least two different nyny. Although Behrendt and Graham reveal that Calabar had been a major trading port since the first half of the seventeenth century, Efik historians such as Aye assert that the Efik had been trading with the Europeans since the last quarter of the 15th century. Objects and images in the exhibition courtesy of Dr. Eli Bentor. [81] According to Parker, When there, Dick Ebro' asking him to go to war with him, he complied, and accordingly having sitted out and armed the canoes, they went up the river, lying under the bushes in the day when they came near a village; and at night flying up to the village, and taking hold of every one they could see. ugly and deformed, but predicted to be the mother of a great king. Infact; there can be no-gainsay of the USAK-EDET People (ISANGELE) being the originators of this highly acclaimed Ekpe Society that the EFIKS, led by EFFA EFFIWAT later on used in subduing their subjects of EFUTS, (i.e. Google Scholar Aye, E. A. We thank you too much for what thing you come do for keep thing right. [82] The name Itu ita translates to three manatees and is named because the masts of the ship resembled the manatee (Itu). identity. The Ekpo society uses black masks, often of naturalistic appearance and with movable jaws, to maintain social order and propitiate the ancestors; some of these masks represent disease and deformity. LEFT Omabe Eze sewing an ukara, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). 4. The earliest list of Efik traders is provided in Jean Barbot's manuscript which was later printed in 1732. History The Ekoi people, while all speaking the same language, have not tended to live in complete unison. Some other clothings introduced into the market include smit, brutanya, isadh and nkisi. [53] It was common for Efik traders to take up trading names during the period of the transatlantic slave trade. Powered by, Ukara cloth detail, Etara community, Cross River State, Nigeria, Cross River Cultural Heritage: reports from home and from the African Diaspora, Introduction: Spirit Dancers, Water Deities & Mystics in the Cross River Basin and in Cuba, Upcoming film project: Seven year kp ritual cycle, Ntufam Bob Oku literature, music and drawings, Calabar Mgb International Journal / Revista Internacional, Calabar-Cuba Radio with Ene Ita and Ivor Miller, Manyu kp Funeral Rites in Yaounde, 2019, Ivor Miller research archive at Amherst College, Manyu kp procession in Yaound, March 29, 2019, Poster for funeral of Seseku Stephen Tataw (1948-2019), Tortoise shell instrument is played in the funerary procession, kp mask purifies the hearse before the procession begins, Funerary shrine representing the sacred forest of kp, kp members surround the shrine for the final rites. Ekpe translates to Leopard in the Efik language and is believed to be a spirit that resides in the forest. [8] The bulk of the Efik can be found in Calabar. These are: the oral historians, kings' advisors, poets, and musicians whose power is the ability to manipulate words. [26][28] This theory was narrated at the Hart's enquiry by Etubom Ededem Ekpenyong Oku but has been criticised by Uruan writers such as Dominic Essien. Mr. . At Ughoton, to the southwest of Benin, a different type of mask is used, in the cult. [26] At Uruan, they were ruled by a number of priest-kings Ndidem. This is evident in a testimony by Isaac Parker, a ship-keeper who lived at Duke town in 1765 for 5 months. [40] The outcome of the fall of the tree led to several deaths in their clan. It may not display this or other websites correctly. In the traditional Soninke tale of "Gasire's Lute", the son of the king contributes tragically to the fall of his kingdom when he: becomes too impatient to become king himself, gets his own sons killed in battle, becomes a poet-bard rather than wait to become king, causes his own people to rebel against his desire to keep fighting. The Ekpe was vested with the powers of policing and bringing justice to the Efik kingdom. Eli Bentor, Professor of Art History at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, speaks about the history of ukara cloth and moderates a discussi. The society combines a kind of freemasonry with political and law enforcing aims. [51] Due to the custom of killing twins, Edem Efiom is said to have aided Okoho Efiom in sneaking out of Creek town to Nsutana. Ekpe could take life and could give it; it could condemn a whole town to a heavy fine and was promptly paid; it could punish offenders and could forgive; even kings and Obongs could never escape Ekpe laws and edicts.[69]. Ukara cloth also consecrates the interior of Ekpe lodges, where larger versions of the cloth hang as backdrops. . [49] Several events at Creek town later led to a wave of migration from Creek town to Duke town. an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too soon into magical power. [1] Ekpe members always wear masks when performing their police duties, and although individuals may nonetheless be recognized, fear of retribution from the ikan stops people from accusing those members who may overstep their limits. Ukara are made exclusively for members of the Ekpe society, an interethnic men's association found throughout southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon. authority as head of the Ekpe (Egbo), or Leopard, society. Papers documenting the research materials and scholarly work of Dr. Ivor L. Miller in cultural studies of the African Diaspora. Click to expose navigation links on mobile. The Efik language was also spoken in several communities in Western Cameroon. "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. Due to the Obutong massacre of 1765 and several other incidents, the Ekpe society of Old Calabar was transformed into the Abaku cult in Cuba, the Bonk cult in Bioko and the Abakuya dance in mainland Equatorial Guinea. This material is believed to have been imported by the Portuguese (Oboriki). I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . Letters were also sent by King Eyo Honesty II to introduce missionaries and technocrats into the country with emphasis on the latter. [33][34] Abasi is said to have borrowed an axe from an Uruan woman and had broken the axe. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, in the southern part of Cross River State. Photo by Eli Bentor. [11] The bulk of the Enwang and Usukakpa are located in the present-day Akwa Ibom state. Aye, Originally Ekpe Fraternity was for religious purposes, but as the Calabar community became complicated owing to the new wealth which the early trade with Europeans brought it was. (Ed.). Okoho Efiom bore the twins at Nsutana and raised them up for years. A fraternal society that emerged in the western culture between the 16th and 7th century. The doomsday cult is a sinister transnational cult that has paved its way from the west and Asian world into some African countries including Uganda and South Africa. A delegation of kp 'leopard' society initiates, as well as family members, traveled from Mamfe, Manyu Division of southwest Cameroon, to Yaound, the Cameroon capital to honor and reclaim the body of their leader and father, who had recently transited to the ancestors. "[29] Essien's criticism is supported by the fact that in some Efik trado-religious songs, Atakpor Uruan is greatly extolled. The three most popular theories include an Igbo origin, Ibibio origin and Palestinian origin. [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Goldie describes Eburutu as a country that consists of various ethnic groups. [48] Jeffreys theory is unpopular with a large majority of the Efik. The Efik in Nigeria have Nkanda as the basic Ekpe whereas, in Cameroon we have Ekpe as the starting point in Ekpe. In his well researched thesis titled "Ekpe Imperium in South Eastern Nigeria", Anwana (2002) identified a plenitude of evidences to validate the Ejagham/Ekoi origins of the Ekpe society. The Ekpe Society is a religious and cultural institution among the Efik people, it can also be found among the Annang and the Ibibios. The Ekpe society is estimated by most foreign scholars to have been introduced into Old Calabar in the 18th century. I bought a $140,000 mobile home in a million-dollar LA neighborhood and love it. The first letter of the word is correctly written as "" and denotes plurality. . Ndibo Yevengo- Abakua & Ekpe events; Cuba-Calabar Radio . In The River Between, Waiyaki's father, Chege, is: The new, white man's religion is represented by the: Early in the story, Waiyaki undergoes his "second birth". Hope Waddell, Foreign commerce soon brought Calabar affairs into such a state, that the want of a bond of union among the different families, and of a supreme authority to enforce peace and order between equals and rivals, became apparent; and the Egbo institution was adopted. [79] Ikpaya a royal type of gown also made from raffia. LEFT Mgballa Ekpe lodge with Ekpe members, Arochukwu, southeastern Nigeria. (Multiple Deaths at Ndodoghi creek, Ema Atai Ema Atai, Priest-king, lost his sight in death). It has a variety of different characters and is indigenous to areas of Southeastern Nigeria and . Other narratives at the Hart's enquiry do not make mention of the Efut. Working with both kp and Abaku leaders, he has documented the foundation of the society in 19th . The group has managed to stay mostly hidden for over more than 100 years. [10] The original seven clans are scattered between Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state and consist of Iboku (Duke town, Henshaw town, Creek town and Cobham town), Obutong, Adiabo, Mbiabo (Mbiabo Edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong, Mbiabo Ikoneto), Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. After the decline of the slave trade, the Efik transitioned into the business of exporting palm oil from the Cross river. In this light, the Cameroon National Council of Traditional Rulers would be a welcomed . [51] The Enwang people who were fishing at Duke town saw the twins approaching and fled in terror saying "Mbiomo oduk ine"(English: A curse has befalling our fishing sites). These artists sew the white cloths with raffia thread so that parts of the ukara (in a pattern of nsibidi symbols) will not be exposed during the dyeing process. One-word searches work best.Use AND to require multiple terms: LEFT Small ukara with minute patterned design and Omu Aro symbol. While their political authority is largely diminished today, Ekpe membership is still prestigious and the society continues to be a unifying force among the Ejagham, Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, and other cultural groups in the Cross River region. Ekpe, also known as Mgbe/Egbo (Ekoi language: leopard; derived from the Ibibio term for the same), is a West African secret society in Nigeria and Cameroon flourishing chiefly among the Efiks. [37] A captured invader confessed that they were set to retrieve royal emblems which they believed the Efik had taken with them when they left Uruan. [33] When the husband of the Uruan woman learnt of the issue, he wanted to fight the Efik. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community. [37] The Uruan invasion at Ikpa Ene is believed to be the origin of the Efik saying, "Ama okut Ibibio, ku n enye ika, Idem amasat Ibibio eyewot owo"(English: When you see Ibibio do not give him fire(to warm himself), when he is dry he will kill you). Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. Festival organised by Global Music Exchange (ht. As the slave trade was declining due to the strong global campaign against it, the effects on slave trading ports along the African coast was greatly experienced. Cameroon-Nigeria Relations, 1884-1961: A Study in Political, Economic and Social Interactions Between Two Nigerian Neighbouring States. [76] Uffp (native gin) is distilled from palm wine and is sometimes mixed with the bark of Edat to increase the alcoholic content. One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders founded Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during a wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. [15] This theory appears to be isolated as other Ibibio writers do not narrate that such terms were used by the Ibibio. The group is gaining grounds as it seems to incessantly predict the total destruction of the planet earth. cherryblossom wrote on WARRIOR's profile. of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. Ed Keazor Follow Barrister-at-Law Advertisement Advertisement Recommended The version of Sunjata we have read is not the only version because: No version was ever written down by a skilled jeli, since Mande traditional society considers any story written down to be "dead". The persistence oftheAbakua society contradicts the official construction ofa Cuban national identity. "[21] Jeffreys assertion regarding Eburutu being a single Ibibio clan is proven false by earlier definitions of Eburutu by Rev. Determine the meaning of the italicized word in each sentence by examining the context. Internal details about the membership and brotherhood demands of this ancient group is supposedly a top secret known only to the members. [82] The Portuguese are said to have arrived in masted ships. Gelede Egbe: Yoruba Women's Sacred Society. Another account claimed that Efik people introduced the Ekpe between 1720 and 1729 during the initial migration of Calabar. In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. To be a member, one must be a part of Yoruba nobility. [34] When the Uruan woman realised that Abasi had broken her axe, she insisted that the axe should be repaired. The nsibidi may convey meaning either singularly or in groups, and each sign may be figurative, geometric, or abstract, or may represent a physical object, concept, or narrative. The article was a not-so-deep exploration of indigenous African writing systems and languages. GitHub export from English Wikipedia. At least in the past, very large sums were paid to attain these upper levels. I am a young researcher who have a great love for forest conservation, community . Here are 8 prominent cults and secret societies in Africa. This exhibition examines the ukara cloth of the Ekpe secret society, a multi-ethnic all-male association in southeastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, exploring both the longstanding cultural practice the cloth represents and the artistic process involved in its creation. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. The economics of the society is based on paying tribute to the village ancestors. Write the meaning in the blank. Ekpe masquerade [1], Its members are only men and are played on special occasion. It is also used by the Igbo and Efik. . [76] Palm wine is acquired by making an incision on the palm tree, a process known as "tapping". One account narrates that the Mbiabo group left first to their present location while the Iboku, Enwang and other clans were still at Ndodoghi. Ikpa Ene was a virgin island on the banks of the Cross river. Within Nigeria, the Efik can be found in the present-day Cross River State and Akwa Ibom state. La communaut cubaine Abakudescendante des communauts fik Ekp et Ejagham gb du Sud Est du Nigria et du Sud Ouest du Camerouna t fonde la Havane dans les annes 1830 par des leaders capturs des villages de Cross River. [51] The Enwang people moved to the present site of Henshaw town.[51]. The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role. The term "Calabar people" was particularly popular prior to the nineteenth century and was synonymous to the Efik.[6]. ekpe society cameroon. Corrections? Also i want bomb and shell. The Ogboni is a fraternity indigenous to Nigeria, Benin and Togo. Names such as Okon became Hogan, Orok became Duke, Akabom became Cobham, Ene became Henry, Asibong became Archibong. You been do very proper for we, and now we want to keep proper mouth. kp lodges ruled local communities while also managing regional and long-distance trade. [6][7], The name Efik first appears in historical literature in the nineteenth century. [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. The Internet has shone light on manysecret societies, rendering them not so secret. Origin Nsibidi symbols which are indigenous to Igbo, Ibibio, Efik, Annang and Ekoi/Ejagham members of the Ekpe society. [32] The men were wet and complained of hunger and fatigue. It is uncertain the specific year that the Efik arrived Creek Town. Having associated broadly with foreigners in the pre-colonial era and . Prior to the inception of the transatlantic slave trade, the Efik had experienced a series of migration before their arrival along the coasts of Old Calabar. The images, ideology, and secrecy associated with kp have been studied for more than one hundred years, and yet crucial features of the history of kp and its transformation have been neglected. an extraordinarily powerful woman, who can change herself into a buffalo, the proud oldest daughter of a king, who insists on being respected, enraged by her brother's refusal to give her the inheritance she feels she is owed, guilt-ridden for having killed many of her brother's people, and for having pushed her youngest sister too hard and too
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