Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic lung disease caused primarily by tobacco use. It had the best results when combined with compression stockings, but worked just as well alone [28]. Pine bark extract is composed of 80% to 85% proanthocyanidins, the monomers catechin and taxifolin (5%), and phenolic acids, including derivatives of benzoic and cinnamic acids (2% to 4%). The women taking Pycnogenol also experienced improvement in fatigue, sleep, concentration, memory, dizziness, and mood, including less irritability. Some risks associated with Pycnogenol include:, Pycnogenol and other maritime tree barks have not been studied as extensively as traditional medicine. As a skin cream, its safe to use for about seven days. Pycnogenol acts as a sustained-release formulation. Theres evidence that Pycnogenol may be a promising nootropic for various groups of people, including middle-aged professionals, students, and people with mild cognitive decline like brain fog. . Pycnogenol can help control blood pressure, which helps improve overall heart health. Diabetic retinopathy is a type of eye injury caused by complications from diabetes. Prunes and prune juice have many health benefits. Beta 1-3D Glucan is recognized by cells in the immune system, and can modify your immune system responses. We don't yet know what the best dose to use is, but studies have used two 50 mg Pycnogenol capsules per day. SelfDecode does not treat, diagnose or cure any conditions, A trial of 53 students found that pycnogenol may improve cognitive function, memory, attention, mood, and mental performance after 8 weeks [20]. Pycnogenol has given indications that it might be able to benefit heart and artery health, to include reducing high blood pressure. In another good study, 48 patients with diabetes and high blood pressure on ACE inhibitors were randomized to receive either Pycnogenol 125 mg daily or placebo for 12 weeks. Possible side effects . We all know the power of antioxidants to improve health and thehigh-antioxidant foodswe should eat regularly. He later extracted proanthocyanidins from the European coastal pine tree, which he named Pycnogenol.. However, with the addition of twice-daily Pycnogenol, normal erection increased to 80%, which further increased to 92.5% during the third month on thrice-daily Pycnogenol. Pycnogenol is a compound of natural chemicals. High levels of both of these are considered risk factors for heart disease. Regardless of what youre using it for, its best to start with the lowest possible dose. Thirty patients with diabetic ulcers were treated with 150 mg Pycnogenol daily for four weeks and another group of 30 comparable patients received no treatment. Pycnogenol (100 mg/day) supplementation may decrease symptoms of the common cold and speed up recovery, according to a clinical trial of 146 people. You can refer to the National Institutes of Healths dosage guidelines for specific conditions. Pycnogenol is the registered trademark brand name of French maritime pine bark extract. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Based on another study of 6 trained and 7 untrained people, an antioxidant combination product containing Pycnogenol (Lactaway) may increase endurance. In one clinical trial of 156 osteoarthritis patients, pycnogenol reduced pain, stiffness, swelling, and improved joint function after 3 months. Another 2006 study examined the effects of the antioxidant activity of pine bark extract on oxidative stress, which is thought to be one of the nongenetic factors contributing to ADHD. Early research shows that taking it at least 5 weeks before the start of allergy season seems to lessen symptoms. Studies on human subjects have reported few side effects - even . Another study found this supplement can even halt progression of vision . This review noted that pine bark extract may also help with: In addition to its skin-healing properties, pine bark extract also shows promise for helping children manage ADHD symptoms. It may cause side effects such as: Risks. New research has shown promising results for those dealing with erectile dysfunction (ED) and diabetes. Consequently, blood pressure is lowered. Moreover, Pycnogenol lowered the chemical, leukotrienes responsible for asthma attacks. Pycnogenol was featured on The Dr. Oz Show in January 2013, . Still, more research is needed to better understand these findings and pine bark extracts role in reducing damage from head trauma. Debra Rose Wilson, PhD, MSN, RN, IBCLC, AHN-BC, CHT. whole-body health. The specific tree from which the bark is extracted is called a maritime pine. Another clinical trial of 76 people with allergic asthma also suggests that Pycnogenol may reduce IgE antibodies and asthma symptoms [18, 16]. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study, 50 patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) were treated with either L-arginine plus Pycnogenol or placebo for a month. New studies show Pycnogenol can prevent or reverse the oxidative damage that produces blood vessel disease 4, metabolic syndrome 20, diabetes 20,24, and neurodegenerative disorders 23,24. In contrast, almost 20% of the participants on inhalers alone had to increase their dosage. They were given Pycnogenolfor a period of 10 days. Pycnogenol: A miracle component in reducing ageing and skin disorders. Patients were given 100 milligrams of Pycnogenol, a branded version of pine bark extract, for 12 weeks, with continued anti-diabetic treatment. If you knew you could resolve your erectile dysfunction and, therefore, naturally remedy impotence issues, wouldnt you? Pine bark extract is usually taken by mouth in capsule form. While pine bark extract is thought to be safe for children, they should only take it for a few weeks at a time. Pycnogenol is the US trademarked name for an antioxidant made from Mediterranean tree bark. Pycnogenol has been well-tolerated in most studies performed thus far. Pycnogenol lowered leukotrienes as well. According to a study in 59 cancer patients, Pycnogenol (150 mg/day) may reduce side effects associated with radiation or chemotherapy, including mouth soreness and ulcers, mouth and eye dryness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and weight loss [78]. The combination of L-arginine and Pycnogenol may help in erectile dysfunction by boosting nitric oxide, which potentially could improve blood flow in men [66]. Pycnogenol (100 mg/day) may reduce leg swelling, spider veins, and cramps according to a study of 133 women with varicose veins who recently gave birth. The first studied group included 66 healthy subjects in whom the number of muscle cramps was recorded two weeks before entering the study and during the fourth and fifth week. SelfHacked has the strictest sourcing guidelines in the health industry and we almost exclusively link to medically peer-reviewed studies, usually on PubMed. This condition is due to the pooling of blood in the veins of the lower legs. While it may seem intimidating at first, counting macros is a common Erythritol is now one of the most popular natural zero-calorie sweeteners available. Lowers Blood Pressure. Are there any risks to taking it? They also had normalized fasting glucose levels and blood pressure, which can also reduce a persons risk of heart problems. Joe Cohen flipped the script on conventional and alternative medicine and it worked. In another trial, 30 people with type 2 diabetes received a range of pycnogenol doses. Pycnogenol (125 mg/day) had the same effects in another study of 48 people with diabetes and high blood pressure. It can also be found as creams, lotions or ointments, typically containing 0.5 percent to 2 percent pine bark extract. Pycnogenol health benefits. According to a Japanese study, the combination of Pycnogenolt and L-arginine may produce the results youre looking for, making the bedroom a much happier place. (10), A 15-year Dutch study was published stating that 27,939 healthy female health professionals were given aspirin or a placebo for a period of time. Pycnogenol effects on skin elasticity and hydration coincide with increased gene expressions of collagen type I and hyaluronic acid synthase in women [Abstract]. (1, 2). With strict editorial sourcing guidelines, we only link to academic research institutions, reputable media sites and, when research is available, medically peer-reviewed studies. Trees of this pine have been naturalized in Australia and New Zealand, where most Enzogenol is now made [7]. Most have similar amounts of active substances and are often sold under the brand name Pycnogenol [6]. The supplement significantly reduced hot flashes, night sweats, mood swings, irregular periods, loss of libido, and vaginal dryness. Not bad. Learn about all the potential benefits of Pycnogenol and find out which ones are most supported by science. This key chemical, proanthocyanidin, is also found in high concentrations in apples, cranberries, coca, grapes, and red wine. (2013). Forty-seven Japanese men with mild erectile dysfunction were given supplementation L-arginine and French maritime pine bark extract over a period of time. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. But two months ago, erectile dysfunction health food with the help of the Divine Tool Alliance, the price of all materials related to the puppet mechanism was raised by 20 erectile dysfunction health food 30 , and the price of selling the puppet was reduced by 10. - Apply a hot compress to the anus or soaking it in a shallow tub of hot water several times a day. Arginine is a non-essential amino acid because most humans can make it in their bodies. As a skin powder, however, you can use it safely for up to six weeks. A high number signals high blood pressure. We avoid using tertiary references. The study showed that many people who participated had a drop in their systolic blood pressure after taking Pycnogenol. Start with a low dose so you can be sure it doesnt cause any side effects. Additionally, the results showed that the extract has significant anti-pseudomonas activity, making it a potential natural remedy and possible preventive measure for infections. A clinically studied blend of Pycnogenol and a special bilberry extract (called Mirtogenol ) has been shown to provide benefits for vision and eye health. For most people, pine bark extract doesnt cause any side effects. Disclaimer: Results are not guaranteed*** and may vary from person to person***. but is for informational and educational purposes alone. Staves Off Infections. Here are the many health benefits believed to be possible with Pycnogenol: Now lets dive into the first condition it could help treat. Posted on Thursday, August 14, 2014 The majority of this article is information obtained from the book "All About DIM" by Michael A. Zeligs, MD and A. Scott Connelly, MD. Higher doses (200 mg/day) may improve blood vessel health and function after 8 weeks according to a study of 23 people with heart disease [38]. During week, five without, treatment, reduction of cramps was maintained in all three groups. Along with the rest of the crew, he developed symptoms of vitamin-C deficiency. With time, the participants were able to handle more UV radiation without experiencing skin damage [63]. Inhibits platelet aggregation like low-dose aspirin. According to a meta-analysis of 9 trials including 549 people, 150-200 mg/day for at least 12 weeks may reduce both diastolic and systolic blood pressure [36]. It comes from the bark of a European pine tree. All rights reserved. Asthma is caused by inflammation in the lungs, which makes it hard to breathe. Clinical research suggests that Pycnogenol is possibly effective for improving athletic performance. Comment * document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "a79cdfe7a30d8f84d45d97f833c00b8c" );document.getElementById("a6cbe26769").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. In this study, 155 peri-menopausal women were enrolled in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. High-dose Pycnogenol (360 mg/day) for 4 weeks had the same LDL-lowering benefits in another study of 40 people [32, 56]. Circulation and Jet Lag on Long Flights. Required fields are marked *. In a study of 33 people with severe osteoarthritis, pycnogenol (200 mg/day) reduced inflammatory markers after 3 weeks. Pycnogenol-treated subjects experienced an improvement in all menopausal symptoms. Pine bark distill has been studied regarding its relationship to exercise performance, oxidative stress and excitement to torso that has been imposed by exercise. According to researchers, it may help prevent the rise in free radicals typically seen after exercise, which could cause muscle fatigue and damage [9]. Next, the doctors discuss the link between salt and hypertension, and Dr. Steve gives his insight on drinking red wine for a healthy heart. Interactions. A combination supplement (pycnogenol with collagen, coenzyme Q10, and other ingredients) reduced skin aging, elasticity, hydration, and tonicity in a study of 30 women [65]. You can gradually increase how much you take once you get a better idea of how your body reacts to it. DOI: Trebatick J, et al. (2017). Lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease. Take Helpful Supplements. 10 Day Erection Delay Sex Pills. If you choose to use Pycnogenol, follow the dosage instructions on the label. Another study in 2012 showed that Pycnogenol alone, at a dose of 75 mg/day, increased skin hydration by 8% after just 6 weeks; in women with dry skin at baseline the increase was 21%. Here are the many health benefits believed to be possible with Pycnogenol: Reduces "leaky" blood vessels by making the wall proteins (collagen, elastin) more resistant to damage. (14, 15). This condition can be temporary or permanent however, some studies have indicated that pine bark extract may help alleviate these symptoms due to its high presence of antioxidants. Our science team is put through the strictest vetting process in the health industry and we often reject applicants who have written articles for many of the largest health websites that are deemed trustworthy. A total of 40 patients with retinopathy (damage to the retina part of the eye) from diabetes and other vascular causes were enrolled in one study. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of 60 patients aged six to 18 years old, was conducted over three months during which patients were randomly assigned to receive either Pycnogenol or placebo. Pycnogenol led to a reduction of muscle cramps from 4.8 a week to 1.3 at week four. One way to add some extra flavor and nutrients to your day is by adding prune juice to your diet. Pycnogenol; Pycnogenol. Pycnogenol may stimulate the immune system. A good-quality study was conducted in 77 diabetic patients who received their standard antidiabetic treatment along with 100 mg Pycnogenol a day or placebo for 12 weeks. (2012). Pycnogenol seems well-tolerated for use in adults for up to 6 months. These benefits appeared to persist for some time even after stopping supplementation [72]. Disease of the retina in the eye. Depending on the extraction process and the source Pinus species used (P. radiata or P. pinaster), the exact composition will vary. 5 6 However, evidence is conflictingother studies have shown no effect on the same measures. What gives pine bark extract its notoriety as a powerful ingredient and super antioxidant is that its loaded with oligomeric proanthocyanidin compounds, OPCs for short. Some people who have asthma have higher levels of leukotrienes in their blood. The same study showed that a single, 200-mg Pycnogenol dose remained effective over six days in preventing cigarette-induced enhanced platelet aggregation. Upset stomach. Regardless, a natural option is available and far worth the wait. Pycnogenol in metabolic syndrome and related disorders [Abstract]. Can you get pycnogenol naturally from foods? There is a seemingly growing problem with skin exposure to ultraviolet radiation and the confusion of how to get vitamin D from the sun while avoiding these skin-damaging rays. Pycnogenol is the leading ingredient in Isotonix OPC-3, Market America's best-. Pycnogenol treatment reduced the need for painkillers by 58% versus one percent in the placebo-treated group. Regulations set manufacturing standards for supplements, but that does not guarantee that they are safe or effective. It decreased concussion symptoms in 42 student-athletes with a history of sports-related concussions after 6 weeks. $47.99. In mice, luteolin prevented inflammation and allergic response in the lungs and nose by inhibiting inflammatory cytokines: IL-4, IL-5, and IL-1 3 []. The researchers of the study propose that pycnogenol may reduce pain and cramps during retraining and rehabilitation in people with blood vessel problems [11]. Pycnogenol may reduce glucose levels, but it doesnt appear to increase insulin production or insulin sensitivity. Enzogenol also may reduce mental fatigue and sleep problems [82]. Pine bark extract has been studied regarding its relationship to exercise performance, oxidative stress and inflammation to body that has been imposed by exercise. 3. However, its always a good idea to start with a low dose so you can monitor how your body responds. - Please read carefully and implement principles included in the Health Recovery Plan. For allergies: 50 milligrams twice daily. (2006). All Pycnogenol-treated patients responded favorably in contrast to placebo treatment. The 2012 study on the anti-aging benefits of Pycnogenol is commonly-cited by anti-aging supplement manufacturers. If possible, try to get pine bark extract from a local supplier, such as a health food store. Too much pressure signals that your heart might be working too hard. The review found evidence that pine bark extract may: Similar to its neuroprotective benefits, the metabolic benefits of pine bark extract seem to be related to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is chronic venous insufficiency, a common disease among people who are obese or elderly and those who lead a sedentary lifestyle. It also may increase the activity of genes that make collagen and hyaluronic acid in the body [64]. Pycnogenol supplementation reduced skin redness from UV rays in a trial of 21 people over 8 weeks. blood in the urine. Eye health. Considering that about 1 of 3 adults in the U . A number of clinical trials suggest that Pycnogenol may lower blood glucose if taken daily for at least 12 weeks. Chewing gum with Pycnogenol (2.5 mg/piece) for 4 weeks reduced bad breath and mouth bacteria in a trial of 22 people [57]. It has many health benefits, and may help protect against several chronic conditions. It is standardized to contain 65-75% procyanidins, a class of polyphenols and flavonoids like those found in blueberries, wine, grape skin, citrus, and cocoa. Pycnogenol treatment lowered the ACE-inhibitor dose required to control blood pressure, and lowered fasting glucose levels as well. Also, its important to note that some of these studies were funded by Horphag Research, the original developers and exclusive marketers of Pycnogenol. $31.99. Pycnogenol completely normalized function. A study of 68 people found that Pycnogenol, started 2 days prior to flying, may reduce the duration of jet lag symptoms [83]. A 10 week clinical trial with 30 children shows that Pycnogenol may improve symptoms of Crohns disease. Lets begin with asthma. Various brands of pycnogenol are available. It also seems to help with cell regeneration and replication. This condition can be temporary or permanent however, some studies have indicated that pine bark extract may help alleviate these symptoms due to its high presence of antioxidants. Pycnogenol is known under different names in some countries, such as Oligopin, and Flavangenol in Japan [4, 5]. This includes supporting healthy blood circulation, acting as a natural anti-inflammatory, helping to generate collagen and hyaluronic acid for improved skin health and aiding in the production of endothelial nitric oxide which helps to dilate blood . Low-dose Pycnogenol (30 mg/day) may reduce pain in pregnant women, particularly hip, joint, lower back, groin, and calf cramps in the third trimester [71]. A deficiency can cause issues like anemia, stunted growth, heart problems and neural tube defects. In contrast, bleeding still occurred in the control group [61]. First and foremost, start eating an anti-inflammatory Local Raw Honey (Bee Pollen) Considering how good it tastes, having some raw honey Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) You can now find high-quality apple cider vinegar in . COPD. Here are some basic guidelines as reported by WebMD: While most studies do not indicate major side effects, pine bark extract may cause irritability and fatigue, and could interact with other drugs. She loves communicating science and empowering people to achieve their optimal health. Flavonoids and proanthocyanidins within these fruits can . So it may not be safe for people with immune disorders, such as: It's not known if pycnogenol is safe for children or for women who are pregnant or breastfeeding. Skin irritation. The same ingredient can be found in grapeseed oil, the skin of peanuts and witch hazel bark. from the bark of the French maritime pine tree. This Dr. Axe content is medically reviewed or fact checked to ensure factually accurate information. Natural Factors Pycnogenol 25mg 60 Veggie Caps. Pycnogenol also treatment improved blood vessel function. (4). The studies revealed that the sperm concentration greatly increased after about eight to 16 weeks of treatment, to include improved orgasmic function. Blood clots form as a result of platelet aggregation, which is the platelets in the blood clumping together. Purity and potency of Pycnogenolare continuously monitored . In another study, 61 children with ADHD were given one mg per kg/day of Pycnogenol or placebo over four weeks. It should never be used as a replacement for approved medical therapies. Enzogenol, a slightly different pine bark extract, may help improve brain function after mild concussions. More research is needed to see how this supplement affects all of these conditions. Studies have also safely used Pycnogenol in children and during pregnancy. In the study, it reduced cold symptoms and complications, the number of lost working days, and the use of over-the-counter medications compared to those who did not supplement with the extract [60]. It also may help those on blood pressure medications to reduce their dose [32]. Rating: 100%. Importantly, all studies found that Pycnogenol has to be taken at least 5 weeks before the allergy season in order to see potential benefits, with the best results in those who take it 7-8 weeks ahead. For example, Enzogenol is an extract from a pine that grows in California and Mexico (Pinus radiata) that may have cognitive-enhancing effects. In addition to general healthy eating, some specific vitamins and minerals may help improve ADHD. Dr. Drew explains the benefits of probiotics for the gut microbiome and talks about the rise of leaky gut, and Dr. Steve shares how emotional stress can have real physical effects on the heart. Sign Up for the Latest Health News and Tips, Home Food and Nutrition Pycnogenol (French Maritime Pine Bark Extract): 12 Benefits According to Studies. Chestnut seed extract did not do as well. Infants and children may not be able to synthesize enough of it, but it is present in many protein-rich . Both supplements are antioxidants, which have been shown to help with blood flow and erectile function. Pycnogenol (200 mg/day) may reduce muscle cramps and pain according to a study of 66 healthy people, athletes, and those with venous problems after 4 weeks. In another study, 45 men with ED were given 1.7 grams of L-arginine a day during the first month, 40 mg Pycnogenol twice daily during the second month, and the dose increased to three 40-mg Pycnogenol doses daily during the third month. In a study of 77 people with symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS), Pycnogenol (150 mg/day) improved symptoms and reduced the frequency of attacks [77]. All rights reserved. In some people lung inflammation is caused by leukotrienes chemicals that are released by the body after a person encounters allergens. Pycnogenol significantly improved the heavy feeling as well as the swelling. These wounds occur most frequently in hospitals or in those with weakened immune systems, such as after surgery. ", Panminerva Medica: "Supplementation with Pycnogenol improves signs and symptoms of menopausal transition.". Today, I want to share with you my secrets to reduce sugar Top 7 Benefits of Green Tea: The No. Its true. From diabetes and sexual function to sports performance and beautiful skin, pine bark extract may be worth exploring to provide results youre looking to achieve. In theory, pine bark may lower blood pressure and blood sugar level, and these effects have also been reported in some RCTs. Pycnogenol, an extract of French maritime pine bark, helps the body fight normal aging by supporting vascular health and healthy circulation. They were treated with 200 mg of Pycnogenol daily or with placebo. In a study of 100 healthy women mostly in their early 40s with mild sexual dysfunction, a combination product with Pycnogenol (Lady Prelox) improved sexual function over 8 weeks [74]. Taking pycnogenol daily for 2 months seems to slow or prevent further worsening of retinal disease caused by diabetes, atherosclerosis, or other diseases. Pycnogenol seems to help with asthma and allergies. This article is based on scientific evidence, written by experts and fact checked by our trained editorial staff. Moreover, Pycnogenol treatment led to an increase in sperm count and testosterone levels with lowering of blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Also, be sure to talk with your doctor first if you have an underlying medical condition or take other medications. Dizziness. Sort By. Some research suggests that procyanidins may have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition to OPC, grape seed extract contains linoleic acid, flavonoids and phenolic procyanidins that help protect and strengthen capillaries, blood vessels, veins and arteries, which can then improve blood circulation. American Cancer Society: "Pine Bark Extract.". It also lessened the amount of asthma medication they needed. Can Pycnogenol help? The dosage in most clinical studies varied between 50-360 mg/day. According to a study of 170 women, low-dose pycnogenol (60 mg/day) may improve menopausal symptoms over 3 months, including night sweats, hot flashes, insomnia and sleep problems [69]. painful urination. Pycnogenol (100 mg/day) may reduce leg swelling, spider veins, and cramps according to a study of 133 women with varicose veins who recently gave birth. (11, 12), While both eliminate pain, the pine bark extract is a far better choice. The information on this website has not been evaluated by the Food & Drug Administration or any other medical body. Pine bark extract offers some amazing benefits since its so high in powerful antioxidants. But the actual bioavailability of this complex mixture is still unknown. DOI: Luzzi R, et al. Pycnogenol is a patented formulation of Pine Bark Extract which is standardized to 65-75% Procyanidin compounds by weight. Our science team must pass long technical science tests, difficult logical reasoning and reading comprehension tests. Pycnogenol is officially extracted from the French maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), which grows in the southwest coast of France. Potential for allergy when taken orally or used on the skin. It has been studied for its effects on everything from mental function to treating high blood pressure. Pycnogenol is not approved by the FDA for medical use. They could interact with medicines to suppress the immune system, chemotherapy drugs, and blood thinners. Research suggests that taking pycnogenol improves mental function and memory in both young adults and the elderly. . 5. A clinical trial of 57 ADHD children found that daily Pycnogenol (1 mg/kg) for one month may reduce hyperactivity symptoms. That way, your doctor can check on any potential side effects or interactions with medications. Symptoms of menopausal syndrome, also known as climacteric syndrome, include: hot flashes; chills; headache; and depression. Clearer skin, healthier hair there are a lot of claims about the health benefits of biotin. Pycnogenol (100 mg/day) may reduce hay fever symptoms, according to a clinical trial of 39 people. 7. In the study, many of the participants on Pycnogenol reduced their dosage of high-blood-pressure medication (nifedipine) [37]. Chemistry. This is thought to be due to pine bark extracts ability to reduce oxidative stress and inflammation. It also may enhance swimming, biking, and running scores in professional athletes preparing for a triathlon (at 150 mg/day). There is insufficient evidence to support the use of Pycnogenol for any of the uses listed below. 1 Anti-Aging Beverage, Daniel Fast: Benefits for Your Spiritual, Emotional and Physical Health, 15 Fermented Foods for a Healthy Gut and Overall Health, 9 Proven Black Seed Oil Benefits that Boost Your Health, L-Glutamine Benefits Leaky Gut & Metabolism, Chia Seeds Benefits: The Omega-3, Protein-Packed Superfood, Apple Cider Vinegar Benefits for Weight Loss, Skin Health, Cholesterol & More, What Is a Marionberry?
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